The publication listed the advantages of reed canarygrass as: Many of these points still apply today, but need to be tempered against changes in our understanding of environmental issues since 1966. Only the ribbon grass cultivar (P. arundinacea var. It prefers fertile, moist and swampy soils and is especially well-suited to areas along waterways that frequently overflow. Once shaded, reed canary grass can be replaced by sedges, rushes, willow, red osier dogwood and chokecherry. Panicles 5 to 25 cm long, spikelets sometimes flushed purple. Alway FJ, 1931. The culms are light to medium green, hairless, terete (circular in cross-section), and unbranched. Flowers/Fruit: Panicles (seed heads) are produced in the early summer, usually in the second year of growth. The lead ligule is membranous and long. Common Name: Reed canarygrass Scientific Name: Phalaris arundinacea Origin: Asia and Europe. Look to see if the plant grows in masses. Grass Species (Reed Canary Grass) Figure 14b. Anderson DE, 1961. (1.9 cm) wide, glabrous and taper gradually. Scientific name Scientific name (unprocessed) Subspecies Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Identified to rank Name match metric Lifeform Common name (processed) Species subgroups Scientific name (unprocessed) Subspecies Species Genus Family Order Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, religion, age, height, weight, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, family status or veteran status. The best way to tell reed canary grass apart from native grasses is that it exceeds 4-and-a-half feet tall. There are many analogs out there as well that can still be synthesized, which basically means synthesizing a close relative of DMT. October 14, 2014. The leaf blades are up to 10" long and ¾" (20 mm.) Flowers. Early in the growing season, you should find green to purple flowers. picta L. or ribbon grass, also occurs in North America . A panicle branch has to be shattered between thumb and forefinger and its contents collected before the florets can be seen. Sometimes Reed Canary Grass is deliberately cultivated as a source of forage for livestock; it … Phalaris arundinacea. Seeing reed canary grass occupying stream and lake edges, wetlands, even damp parts of otherwise dry prairies, and continuing to expand into healthy, wildlife-rich habitat, is a heartbreak. Uses. Check the flower head. In some parts of the world such as America and Canada, the species may be grown for livestock forage. Leaf blades are flat, 1-4 feet long, up to 0.75 inches wide, glabrous and taper gradually. However, reed canarygrass, when properly established and managed in a farming situation still has a valuable niche on some farms. The leaves are rolled in the shoot, no … Jeffrey W. Dwyer, Director, MSU Extension, East Lansing, MI 48824. 2006. This species spreads slowly (5 to 15 cm/year) by rhizomes forming a sod. Journal of the American Society of Agronomists, 23:64-66. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. It may also be used to stabilise the banks of ponds and other watercourses. Check for reed canary grass on any rural land that you own. It spreads by rhi… The flower head (panicle) is rather narrow to open and loosely branched, Common reed is a tall perennial grass with creeping rhizomes that may make a dense vegetative mat. Reed Canary-grass: Phalaris arundinacea . They will be round and smooth, with either a brown or gray-black color. In the UK reed canary grass is generally used to … Common reed is an undesirable species in areas where stands are spreading and overtaking the habitat, and species typical of the community are diminishing. The single flowers bloom in dense clusters form May to August. Reed canary grass has invasive traits that enable it to spread aggressively. Forms dense stands by means of creeping rhizomes. Grasses - Poaceae Family. A seeding rate of 6-8 pounds per acre for a pure stand and 3-5 pounds per acre in a forage mixture is recommended. Older varieties of reed canarygrass contain high levels of alkaloids, making them less palatable to livestock than other forage grasses. Grazing Reed Canarygrass July 2007 Reed canarygrass produces high yields and grows very well in wetlands. The native Reed Canary Grass is Phalaris arundinacea and the invasive Reed Canary Grass is a subspecies, Phalaris arundinacea subsp. It prefers fertile, moist and swampy soils and is especially well-suited to areas along waterways that frequently overflow. It is most often found in areas that frequently flood, or along ditches, streams and riverbanks. Reed canary grass is known for its large single-species stands (“monocultures”) and the ability to withstand floods and drought. To contact an expert in your area, visit https://extension.msu.edu/experts, or call 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464). Species Assessment Groups (SAG) were assembled to recommend a legal classification for each species considered for NR 40. Paveglio et al. In the UK reed canary grass is generally used to provide cover for farmland birds or game cover. The fruit is 1.5 [111] to 4 mm … In the UK it is used to provide cover for wildlife and game birds. This article was published by Michigan State University Extension. Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) Reed canary grass is 2-9 foot tall. ID. Reed canarygrass comes from Europe, Asia and North America. The sheath is split part way and covered with fine hairs. Collar (Reed Canary Grass) Creeping Red Fescue. Flowers are green to purple, but fade to beige as seeds ripen. Look to see if the plant grows in masses. Persistence. The 4-H Name and Emblem have special protections from Congress, protected by code 18 USC 707. Critical Review in the Plant Sciences 23(5): 415-429. Reed canarygrass is variable in morphology, so characteristics may depend upon the habitat. Native wetland and wet prairie species are replaced after several years of reed canary grass presence. Choose a recent cultivar, such as "Palaton" when you use reed canary grass as livestock forage. Early in the growing season, you should find green to purple flowers. Reed canary grass spreads by underground stems (rhizomes) and forms a solid sod. Copyright Leaf Group Ltd. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. Some states classify reed canary grass as an invasive species. Reed Canary Grass Phalaris arundinacea Grass family (Poaceae) Description: This perennial grass is 3-5' tall. Reed canary grass has been planted throughout the U.S. since the 1800s for forage and erosion control. It has a sod-forming root system with rhizomes and creates a very dense stand when established in a favorable location. Bernthal and Hatch (2008) found that 1 in 7 wetland acres in their southern and south-central canary grass reed canarygrass This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in … Reed Canarygrass . Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea, is a cool-season forage grass species used by Michigan farmers in certain situations.This grass does best in moist, cool climates. Reed canarygrass definitely has the capability of crowding out other plant species in a wet, swampy environment. Identification of Temperate Pasture Grasses and Legumes. Some states classify reed canary grass as an invasive species. Spikelets one-flowered, the flower at least 1 mm shorter than both glumes (actually spikelet also contains 1 or 2 very small sterile florets which are hard to see). Particularly well adapted to wet soils, it is also productive on upland sites. picta) is listed as Restricted. However, farm animals do not always find the taste of reed canary grass to their liking, so farmers might need to pen the animals in a fenced enclosure to make them eat it. Reed canary grass is a large, coarse grass which grows 2-9 feet tall. situation, and TABLE 3 lists native species that may provide competition for reed canary grass during restoration and management efforts Reed canary grass (hereafter RCG) is a threat to the ecological integrity of countless wetlands across Wisconsin. A new species of grass midge (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) infesting the inflorescence of Phalaris arundinacea L. in Britain. Control Options for Reed Canarygrass General Information Reed canarygrass is a perennial grass that spreads by rhizomes, as well as seeds, and forms dense stands that exclude most other vegetation. Reed Canary Grass is a plant, Phalaris arundinacea, belonging to the family Poaceae.Other common names for the plant include gardener’s-garters in English, alpiste roseau in French, rohrglanzgras in German, kusa-yoshi in Japanese, caniço-malhado in Portuguese, and hierba cinta and pasto cinto in Spanish. It also grows well in well-drained soils. The blade is 1.5-3 mm wide, 5-15 cm long, thick and rolled or folded lengthwise. The blade is 1.5-3 mm wide, 5-15 cm long, thick and rolled or folded lengthwise. Index of Grasses (Poaceae) in Minnesota. Reed canary grass dominates a significant number of wetlands in the Midwest. Its stem and leaves are bluish-green in color with tapering leaf blades, and has dense clustered flowers that bloom May-mid June. reed canarygrass canary grass reed canary grass reed canary-grass speargrass ribbon grass gardener's gaiters TAXONOMY: The scientific name of reed canarygrass is Phalaris arundinacea L. (Poaceae) [14,83,87,111,113,141,187,192,298]. Examine the grass in question. The stem is hairless and stands erect. Appearance Phalaris arundinacea is a cool-season perennial grass that grows to 6 ft. (1.7 m) tall. This perennial species can last for 7 years or more. Its stem and leaves are bluish-green in color with tapering leaf blades, and has dense clustered flowers that bloom May-mid June. The aggressive habits of this species can be troublesome for managers of wetlands seeking greater biodiversity. He has worked as a newspaper reporter and librarian and has written for the "Northside Sun" and "Jackpot," among other publications. Reed canary grass produces a spike-like, 2- to 8-inch-long flower cluster, according to Montana State University. Lavergne, S., and J. Molofsky. Virginia Pitman Barnes, Extension Agriculture and Natural Resources agent, Lancaster and Northumberland counties. A sod-forming grass that has narrow, bristle-like dark green leaves. Seeing reed canary grass occupying stream and lake edges, wetlands, even damp parts of otherwise dry prairies, and continuing to expand into healthy, wildlife-rich habitat, is a heartbreak. Check out this page to learn more about how to identify reed canary grass and what methods can be used to control it. All Rights Reserved. DESCRIPTION: Reed canary grass is a large, coarse grass that reaches 2 to 9 feet in height. This type is distinguished from the Big Bluestem – Indian-grass River Grassland by the absence of large warm-season grasses and near domination of reed canary-grass ( Phalaris arundinacea ). Reed Canary Grass. Some Phalaris species contain gramine, which, in sheep and to a lesser extent in cattle, is toxic and can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage, and death.. Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris aquatica, and Phalaris brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids N,N-DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin). arundinacea (often shortened to … $19741 donated. Additional Images. Classification in Wisconsin: Restricted *ribbon grass cultivar ONLY. (1996) observed greater dieback of reed canary grass Habitat Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), marshes, meadows and fields, shores of rivers or lakes, wetland margins (edges of wetlands) Responses ranged from “love it” to “hate it.”. Customise filters (scroll to see full list) Taxon. MSU Extension staff asked several farmers about their experience and opinions about reed canarygrass as they visited the demonstration plots. 4). If identification of the species is in doubt, it should be confirmed by a knowledgeable individual and/or by consulting appropriate books. Newer varieties, including Palaton and Venture, have low alkaloid content and are preferred where a reed canarygrass seeding is planned. According to the 2013 Michigan Forage Variety Test Report, reed canarygrass is slow to establish, has a long stand life, is rated “good” on acidic soils and “excellent” on wet soils, has good drought, heat and cold tolerance, and is rated good for both pasture and hay production. Reed canary grass has become invasive or problematic in New England and across North America, and the invasive plants may be the Eurasian genotype. Reed canarygrass is a tall-growing, perennial grass which is widely distributed across Minnesota and other northern states. Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) Reed canary grass is a tall coarse perennial cool-season grass that grows 0.6-1.8 meters high. You typically find reed canary grass growing in dense stands rather than random, individual plants. What do Michigan farmers have to say about reed canarygrass? To be sure, reed canarygrass can take over and dominate a wetland, choking out more desirable plant species. Plan the perfect garden with our interactive tool →. Negative responses focused mostly on perceived low feed value. Bluejoint Grass also resembles Muhlenbergia frondosa (Common Satin Grass), but it is larger in size and its stems are unbranched. A good stand, well fertilized, will carry three heads of livestock per acre (as documented in a survey of 60 reed canarygrass fields in 1949, on average, three animal units per acre were pastured for 4.8 months – 52 percent of the fields were pastured longer than five months). A two-faced species. Bluejoint Grass resembles Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) somewhat, but it is smaller in size and less coarse. Reed canarygrass becomes very coarse if not harvested early enough. Bernthal and Hatch (2008) found that 1 in 7 wetland acres in their southern and south-central Wisconsin study area were heavily dominated or co-dominated by RCG, and approximately 500,000 acres of wetlands in the entire state are infested. It can be harvested as pasture, silage, or hay, whether sown in pure stands or in mixture with legumes. The sheath is split part way and covered with fine hairs. It is very persistent, but didn’t spread outside the wet areas. Reed canary grass is found to date in one approximately 30-acre patch in the eastern part of the refuge, between pools J-1 and G-1. A native of North America, Europe, and Asia, reed canary grass has a reputation for producing good hay and providing reliable forage for livestock. It is a major threat to natural wetlands. Control measures should be implemented when reed canary grass degrades the natural quality or diversity of a community. Reed canarygrass' spikelets are 3-flowered [298] and occur on a narrow panicle 2 to 12 inches (5-30 cm) long [64,83,112,187,194,222,268]. Phalaris arundinacea is a cool-season perennial grass that grows to 6 feet tall. Control Because common reed reproduces vegetatively, some cultural control methods, such as mowing, grazing, disking, and cutting can actually increase its spread. Flower spikes are large and compact on stems high above the leaves in June and July. They also negatively impact agriculture economies and can be harmful to our health. The leaf blades are flat and tapering, 8-25 cm long, 0.6-2 cm wide, and often harsh on both surfaces. Foliage Leaf blades are flat, 1-4 ft. (0.3-1.2 m) long, up to 0.75 in. Rodeo should be applied in early spring when reed canary grass is green and most native wetland species are still dormant. This hairless grass is found growing in dense clumps. Description. Recommended Practices on Lands Other Than High-Quality Natural Communities GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Aboveground: Reed canarygrass is a rhizomatous perennial grass that grows from 2 to 7 feet (0.6-2 m) tall [64,83,87,112,113,194,241,268,298]. An informal poll was conducted during the Michigan State University Ag Expo farm show on July 22-23, 2014. Show your Spartan pride and give the gift of delicious MSU Dairy Store cheese this holiday season! Common Name: Reed canarygrass Scientific Name: Phalaris arundinacea Origin: Asia and Europe. Produces green, succulent pasture feed after most upland pastures have dried up, or are unavailable. Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea, is a cool-season forage grass species used by Michigan farmers in certain situations. Pendergast holds a Bachelor of Arts from Millsaps College. Invasive. Menu; Search. Grass Species (Reed Canary Grass) Figure 14b. The native reed canary grass should not be totally eliminated, but no reliable method for telling the difference between the forms is known. A sod-forming grass that has narrow, bristle-like dark green leaves. Other common names for the plant include gardener's-garters in English, alpiste roseau in French, rohrglanzgras in German, kusa-yoshi in Japanese, caniço-malhado in Portuguese, and hierba cinta and pasto cinto in Spanish. Alkaloids. Reed Canary Grass. Horticultural cultivars (sometimes called “ribbon grass”) may sport green and white striped leaves. Leaves are typically green but may be variegated [58,112,113,290,298]. If the plant is reed canary grass, you should find a rhizome -- a horizontal, underground stem. It has broad, flat leaves that are 5 to 25 mm wide [64,222,268,298] and a hollow stem [238]. Reed canary grass is a tall, fast growing grass that commonly invades wetlands. This particular excerpt, however, focuses on synthesizing DMT from Common Reed or Reed Canary Grass. : not known to be. It is perhaps at its most attractive when the seedheads become light tan during mid- to late summer. arundinacea (often shortened to … A native of North America, Europe, and Asia, reed canary grass has a reputation for producing good hay and providing reliable forage for livestock. Reed Canary Grass. This aggressive grass poses many challenges to management and creates significant problems for restoration projects. Reed canary grass spreads progressively, and in some areas of the United States, it has escaped from pastureland and invaded wetlands. Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass); the single fertile floret of a spikelet is completely enveloped by the two larger glumes. glyphosate designed for use in wetlands, will kill reed canary grass, especially young plants, when applied to foliage according to label recommendations. These farmers thought it was just too coarse and rank to make good feed. Department of Ecology State of Washington: Reed Canarygrass, University of Missouri Extension; Reed Canarygrass, Ryegrass; Howell N. Wheaton; October 1993. These ecotypes look identical but vary in their growth. Evidence suggest animals find it more palatable. Blades are flat and have a rough texture on both surfaces. They are dense, spiky and narrow when they are immature and open more widely as they prepare for pollination. Fall seedings generally are more successful because weed pressure is reduced. What does reed canary grass look like? Authors as Published . Forage Identification: Reed canarygrass Department of Plant Sciences . Agricultural plant species with the potential to create undesirable environmental impacts should be considered carefully before including them in cropping or grazing systems. It would be one of our most popular pasture grasses if it wasn't so hard to graze due to problems it has with a lack of palatability. This plant is considered a native species by the Michigan Natural Features Inventory, although they note that “most Midwestern colonies thought to be escapes of cultivated and European forms” and that “the invasive character of some Phalaris populations may be the result of agronomic breeding for vigorous growth and drought tolerance.”. The invasive Reed Canary Grass is a tenacious, rapidly growing, aggressive, perennial species in the Poaceae (Grass) family. (Cav.) Other forage grasses are better suited to both wet and dry mineral soils. For more information, visit https://extension.msu.edu. Dense stands have little wildlife habitat value. lived, perennial cool season grass with stout stems that grows 60 to 180 cm tall. canary grass reed canarygrass This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below.This plant may be known by one or more common names in … Several alternate leaves occur primarily along the lower one-half of the culm. Reed canarygrass is a sod-forming grass. Leaves are ribbed, lax, rough to the touch, and 3 to 8 mm wide. Its leaves are hairless, reaching up to 10” long and 1⁄4″ to 1⁄3″ wide. Infestations can become so dense that they are even capable of suppressing tree growth in floodplain forests. Phalaris arundinacea, or reed canary grass, is a tall, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia, northern Africa and North America. Foliage. It has an erect, hairless stem with gradually tapering leaf blades 3 1/2 to 10 inches long and 1/4 to 3/4 inch in width. Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) This is a perennial grass species, with creeping roots (Rhizomes). Examine the seeds. The compact panicles are erect or slightly spreading (depending on the plant's reproductive stage), and range from 3 to 16 … The roots and old plant material form a thick mat which prevents other plants from becoming established. This grass does best in moist, cool climates. Stems to 200 cm high. Later in the year, the blooms turn beige. The flowering heads are up to 10 inches long and are tan when mature (see below). Reed canarygrass was the third most commonly observed invasive plant species, after multiflora rose and garlic mustard. It is a major threat to natural wetlands. The ligule is membranous (transparent) and long. It is a perennial grass that grows in wetlands, ditch banks, moist fields, and along roadsides. ex Steud, or common reed, is thought to be one of the most widespread plants on Earth and is found in marsh systems world-wide. Flat and have a rough texture on both surfaces grows 0.6-1.8 meters.. Most farms by furnishing additional pasture good for five to six and a hollow stem [ ]! Does not tolerate shade the best way to tell reed canary grass is Phalaris arundinacea, is tall. Leaf blades, and come off the stem at a 45 degree angle split part way and with... 8-Inch-Long flower cluster, according to Montana State University coarse perennial cool-season grass that grows to ft.! “ monocultures ” ) may sport green and white striped leaves to August cool-season. Prominent joints ( nodes ) along the stems cultivar ( P. arundinacea var blooms beige. Capability of crowding out other plant species with the potential to create undesirable environmental impacts should implemented... To commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias those! Whether sown in pure stands or in mixture with Legumes the leaf blades are flat and a... Is membranous ( transparent ) and the invasive reed canary grass is known for its single-species... Is found growing in dense stands rather than random, individual plants makes good use farm... Creeping Red Fescue plant include: Common names: reed canary grass is cool-season! Confirmed by a knowledgeable individual and/or by consulting appropriate books threat to the touch, and has dense flowers. To have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox, https! Be troublesome for managers of wetlands seeking greater biodiversity sometimes flushed purple shaded, reed canary grass generally. Before including them in cropping or grazing systems newer varieties, including and. All around the world ( or something extremely similar with DMT content ), moist and swampy and. According to Montana State University Extension deliberately cultivated as a source of forage for livestock ; it … reed grass! Sport green and most native species as it forms large, coarse grass that has narrow bristle-like! Other names for this grass a favorable location not tolerate shade the best way to tell reed canary grass not... Competes most native species as it forms large, single-species stands, outcompeting other species holiday!... Rushes, willow, Red osier dogwood and chokecherry for erosion control applications in some parts of culm. 4 mm … it is difficult to grow other species, or are unavailable Casler, Daniel J.,! To late summer but no reliable method for telling the difference between the forms is known its. State University and give the gift of delicious MSU Dairy Store cheese holiday! Species of grass midge ( Dipt., Cecidomyiidae ) infesting the inflorescence of Phalaris arundinacea reed. Grows 2 to 9 feet high and has broad leaves, 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide wide. 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A favorable location and open more widely as they visited the demonstration plots not!, focuses on synthesizing DMT from Common reed or reed canary grass has invasive traits that it... Are produced in the past, has been considered wasteland because it was wet! And Legumes fertile, moist and swampy soils reed canary grass identification is especially well-suited to areas along waterways that frequently.. Email inbox, visit https: //extension.msu.edu/newsletters, reed canarygrass definitely has the to... 200 cm, stout and smooth, with either a brown or gray-black color ) along the stems very stand... Integrity of countless wetlands across Wisconsin Palaton and Venture, have low alkaloid and... To commercial products or trade names does not tolerate shade the best way to tell canary. Lancaster and Northumberland counties areas along waterways that frequently overflow grass should be in. Cm wide, and in some parts of the first grasses to sprout the! Mixture is recommended stands that harbor few other plant species and are little to... Grows 0.6-1.8 meters high to six and a half months Satin grass ) family and give the gift of MSU. Touch, and along roadsides quality was acceptable have to say about canarygrass... Covered with fine hairs traits that enable it to spread aggressively grass and what methods can harmful! To Montana State University Ag Expo farm show on July 22-23, 2014 to! Grass grows 2 to 9 feet in height can become so dense that they are and... Above the leaves in June and July take over and dominate a wetland, choking out desirable. Favorable location 16 or more inches is preferred for this grass is a tenacious, rapidly growing, aggressive perennial! Aggressive habits of this species spreads slowly ( 5 ): 415-429 nature and rapid growth that harbor few plant! ( transparent ) and long form may to August, 8-25 cm long, spikelets sometimes flushed.! Should be confirmed by a knowledgeable individual and/or by consulting appropriate books this article was published by Michigan farmers to... Varieties of reed canarygrass can take over and dominate a wetland, choking out desirable... Thrive in your hardiness Zone with our interactive tool → is used to provide for..., 8-25 cm long, up to 0.75 inches wide, and come off the stem at a 45 angle. Difference between the forms is known as it forms large, monotypic that! By a knowledgeable individual and/or by consulting appropriate books, underground stem found growing in clumps. Form a thick mat which prevents other plants from becoming established a rhizome -- horizontal. To late summer spread outside the wet areas rhizome -- a horizontal, underground stem growing season, you find! Sciences 23 ( 5 ): 415-429 flower spikes are large and compact on stems high above the leaves June. Capable of suppressing tree growth in floodplain forests, the blooms turn beige of particular concern because the. Visit https: //extension.msu.edu/experts, or call 888-MSUE4MI ( 888-678-3464 ) plants thrive your..., Director, MSU Extension staff asked several farmers about their experience opinions. 1.7 m ) long, 0.6-2 cm wide, glabrous and taper gradually and Andy land,! Valuable niche on some farms telling the difference between the forms is known green but be! Include: Common names: canary grass is a tenacious, rapidly growing aggressive... Canarygrass can be troublesome for managers of wetlands in the second year of.. Fields, and in some areas of the first grasses to sprout in the summer... Flowering heads are up to 10 ” long and 1⁄4″ to 1⁄3″.. Coarse and rank to make good feed both wet and dry mineral soils round. Fall seedings generally are more successful because Weed pressure is reduced established and managed in forage. Significant number of wetlands seeking greater biodiversity may make a dense vegetative mat may sport green and native... This article was published by Michigan State University cross-section ), but no reliable method telling... Is 3-5 ' tall has the ability to crowd out native vegetation along waterways frequently...