Article 77Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to the supervision of the units which elected them. The Chinese people must fight against those forces and elements, both at home and abroad, that are hostile to China's socialist system and try to undermine it. The Chinese Constitution gives Fundamental Rights and prescribes certain duties for its citizens. Working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately owned livestock.". The State may, in the public interest and in accordance with law, expropriate or requisition land for its use and make compensation for the land expropriated or requisitioned. Article 57 The National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Article 11 of the Constitution shall include a new paragraph which reads: "The State permits the private sector of the economy to exist and develop within the limits prescribed by law. Article 60.The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years. Citizens of the People’s Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as President or Vice-President of the People’s Republic of China. The people of all of China s nationalities have jointly created a culture of grandeur and have a glorious revolutionary tradition. Article 9Mineral resources, waters, forests, mountains, grassland,  unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of the forests,  mountains, grassland, unreclaimed land and beaches that are owned by collectives in accordance with the law. Residing abroad and returned overseas Chinese. The National People's Congress. Article 94 The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee. The fourth paragraph of Article 10 of the Constitution, which provides that "no organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or lease land or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means," shall be amended as: "no organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise engage in the transfer of land by unlawful means. So it would seem to me that this constitution goes unenforced. Article 4 All nationalities in the People’s Republic of China are equal. 40. They are responsible to the people and subject to their supervision. 43 declares working people have the right to rest; art. The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. The People’s Republic of China may grant asylum to foreigners who request it for political reasons. Article 120 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, according to the military system of the State and practical local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order. The State provides necessary vocational training for citizens before they are employed. The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the manner of their election are prescribed by law. Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people’s peaceful labour, participate in national reconstruction and do their best to serve the people. Article 51.The exercise by citizens of the People's Republic of China of their freedoms and rights may not infringe upon the interests of the state, of society and of the collective, or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens. Article 128The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. The Ministers have overall responsibility for the respective ministries or commissions under their charge. Article 34 All citizens of the People’s Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights according to law. Appropriation or damaging of State or collective property by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibited. The State develops social insurance, social relief and medical and health services that are required for citizens to enjoy this right. The accused has the right to defence. Article 111The residents' committees and villagers' committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass-roots level. Article 84In case the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President succeeds to the office of President. Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Local people’s governments at various levels throughout the country are State administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it. The State encourages and assists creative endeavours conducive to the interests of the people that are made by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural work. Both husband and wife have the duty to practise family planning. Their tasks are to strengthen national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, safeguard the people's peaceful labour, participate in national reconstruction, and work hard to serve the people. The State ensures the consolidation and growth of the State-owned economy. Article 26The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards. The exploiting classes as such have been eliminated in our country. Right to work and rest. However, class struggle will continue to exist within certain limits for a long time to come. It is the honourable duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and join the militia in accordance with thelaw. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people’s congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for the record. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress must ensure the completion of election of deputies to the succeeding National People’s Congress two months prior to the expiration of the term of office of the current National People’s Congress. The state protects normal religious activities. Section 6 The Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas. Article 116 The people’s congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. No one may suppress such complaints, charges and exposures or retaliate against the citizens making them. The Central Military Commission. Article 60 The National People’s Congress is elected for a term of five years. The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all … No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level shall hold any post in state administrative,  judicial and procuratorial organs. No organization or individual is privileged to be beyond the Constitution or other laws. Article 63The National People's Congress has the power to recall or remove from office the following persons: (1) The President and the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China; (2) The Premier,  Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of Ministries or Commissions and the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council; (3) The Chairman of the Central Military Commission and others on the commission; (4) The President of the Supreme People's Court; and (5) The Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate. The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at different levels is prescribed by law. All State organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, keep in close touch with them, heed their opinions and suggestions, accept their supervision and do their best to serve them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies they elected. The state and society ensure the livelihood of disabled members of the armed forces, provide pensions to the families of martyrs and give preferential treatment to the families of military personnel. Rights 1. In the primary stage of socialism, the State upholds the basic economic system in which the public ownership is dominant and diverse forms of ownership develop side by side and keeps to the distribution system in which distribution according to work is dominant and diverse modes of distribution coexist. 8. Article 63 The National People’s Congress has the power to remove from office the following persons: (1) the President and the Vice-President of the People’s Republic of China; (2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council; (3) the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Commission; (4) the President of the Supreme People’s Court; and. Article 111 The residents committees and villagers committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass-roots level. David Shambaugh spoke on his new book focusing on the United States and China in one of the world's most dynamic regions. The regulations on the exercise of autonomy and other separate regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for approval before they go into effect. , 體質，體格, 結構, 組成；構成；結構；構造. Disruption of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited. The state guides, helps and supervises the individual economy by exercising administrative control. Article 122 The State provides financial, material and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to help accelerate their economic and cultural development. Qin and Ye’s work is no exception to this tradition. Foreword. The people of all nationalities, all state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings in the country must take the Constitution as the basic norm of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation. Article 14The state continuously raises labour productivity, improves economic results and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm of the working people, raising the level of their technical skill, disseminating advanced science and technology, improving the systems of economic administration and enterprise operation and management, instituting the socialist system of responsibility in various forms and improving organization of work. Article 120The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and concrete local needs and with the approval of the State Council,  organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order. Public speeches of wide impact on forbidden subjects could result in punishment, including criminal sentences. The Chinese people waged many successive heroic struggles for national independence and liberation and for democracy and freedom. China will stay in the primary stage of socialism for a long period of time. The election or recall of chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval. These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session. ", One section is added to Article Five of the Constitution as the first section: "The People's Republic of China practices ruling the country in accordance with the law and building a socialist country of law. Article 121In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the autonomy regulations of the respective areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality. Article 24 The State strengthens the building of a socialist society with an advanced culture and ideology by promoting education in high ideals, ethics, general knowledge, discipline and the legal system, and by promoting the formulation and observance of rules of conduct and common pledges by various sections of the people in urban and rural areas. Copyright© www.gov.cn A session of the National People's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems this necessary, or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose. The people’s congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities concerned. The State promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua [common speech based on Beijing pronunciation--Tr.]. Work is a matter of honour for every citizen who is able to work. ", The original text of Article Six of the Constitution is: "The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people." The State, in accordance with law, protects the rights of citizens to private property and to its inheritance. In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nation chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism, and also necessary to combat local-national chauvinism. Article 48 Women in the People’s Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all spheres of life, in political, economic, cultural, social and family life. The election or recall of chief procurators of people’s procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people’s procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people’s congresses at the corresponding level for approval. Section 6. Article 22The state promotes the development of literature and art,  the press, broadcasting and television undertakings, publishing and distribution services, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural undertakings, that serve the people and socialism, and sponsors mass cultural activities. Five-Power Constitution, system of government proposed by the Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen in 1906 as the means through which democracy could be implemented in China after the overthrow of the imperial regime. Article 20 The State promotes the development of the natural and social sciences, disseminates knowledge of science and technology, and commends and rewards achievements in scientific research as well as technological innovations and inventions. ", Revised to: "The State may, in the public interest and in accordance with the provisions of law, expropriate or requisition land for its use and shall make compensation for the land expropriated or requisitioned. After 1840, feudal China was gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. Article 84 In the event that the office of the President of the People’s Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President succeeds to the office of the President. Article 127 The Supreme People’s Court is the highest judicial organ. All state organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and undertakings must abide by the Constitution and the law. China - China - Constitutional framework: The fourth constitution of the People’s Republic of China was adopted in 1982. Article 10 Land in the cities is owned by the State. Working people who are members of rural economic collectives have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to farm plots of cropland and hilly land allotted for private use, engage in household sideline production and raise privately-owned livestock.". Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to work. | "The State protects the lawful rights and interests of individual and private economies, and guides, supervises and administers individual and private economies. The Vice-President of the People’s Republic of China may exercise such functions and powers of the President as the President may entrust to him. The exploiting classes as such have been abolished in our country. Watch Queue Queue. All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law. 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